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Text[edit]

This article generally follows the common numbering in Christian English Bible versions, with notes to the numbering in Hebrew Bible versions.

Textual witnesses[edit]

Former prophets[edit]

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).[1]

Fragments cumulatively containing all verses of this chapter were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, including

Isaiah[edit]

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including the Isaiah Scroll (1Qlsaa; 356-100 BCE;[2]) containing all verses (complete), and of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes Codex Cairensis (895 CE), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).[1]

Ezekiel[edit]

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).[1]

Fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, the Ezekiel Scroll from Masada (Mas 1d; MasEzek; 1–50 CE) with extant verses 1–4, 7–8.[3][4][5]

Greek text[edit]

Extant manuscripts of a Koine Greek translation known as the Septuagint (with a different verse numbering), made in the last few centuries BCE, include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; Q; 6th century).[6]

Extant manuscripts of a Koine Greek translation known as the Septuagint (with a different verse numbering), made in the last few centuries BCE, include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; Q; 6th century).[6] Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Greek were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, Naḥal Ḥever 8Ḥev1 (8ḤevXIIgr; late 1st century BCE) with extant verses 1–6 (verses 1–7 in Masoretic Text).[4][7]

Notes on Textual witnesses[edit]

Würthwein notes on page 35 that Codex Cairensis contains "the Former and Latter Prophets", on page 36 that Aleppo Codex "contains the complete Old Testament", and also on page 36 that Codex Leningradensis is " the oldest surviving manuscript of the complete Bible" (the description continues to page 37), on page 37 that The Petersburg Codex of the Prophets "contains Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the Minor Prophets". The footnote on page 37 states that The Petersburg Codex of the Prophets is "published in a facsimile edition by H. L. Strack 1876; also recently under the title The Hebrew Bible — Latter Prophets: The Babylonian Codex of Petrograd. Edited with Preface and Critical Annotations. Prolegomenon by P. Wernberg-Møller (1971)", indicating that this is the same manuscript as "Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus" in the List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts.

Codex Cairensis[edit]

It contains the books of the Former Prophets (Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings) and Latter Prophets (Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and the book of the Twelve Minor Prophets). [8][9]

Aleppo Codex[edit]

Since 1947 the current text of Aleppo Codex is missing:

Codex Vaticanus[edit]

Codex Vaticanus originally contained a virtually complete copy of the Septuagint ("LXX"). The original 20 leaves containing Genesis 1:1–46:28a (31 leaves) and Psalm 105:27–137:6b have been lost and were replaced by pages transcribed by a later hand in the 15th century.[11] 2 Kings 2:5–7, 10-13 are also lost because of a tear to one of the pages.[12] The order of the Old Testament books in the Codex is as follows: Genesis to 2 Chronicles as normal; 1 Esdras; 2 Esdras (Ezra-Nehemiah); the Psalms; Proverbs; Ecclesiastes; Song of Songs; Job; Wisdom; Ecclesiasticus; Esther; Judith; Tobit; the minor prophets from Hosea to Malachi; Isaiah; Jeremiah; Baruch; Lamentations and the Epistle of Jeremiah; Ezekiel and Daniel. This order differs from that followed in Codex Alexandrinus.[13]

NT contains the Gospels, Acts, the General Epistles, the Pauline Epistles, and the Epistle to the Hebrews (up to Hebrews 9:14, καθα[ριει); it is lacking 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, and Revelation. These missing leaves were supplemented by a 15th-century minuscule hand (folios 760–768) and are catalogued separately as the minuscule Codex 1957.[14] Possibly some apocryphal books from the New Testament were included at the end (as in codices Sinaiticus and Alexandrinus),[14] as it is also possible that Revelation was not included.[15][16]

Codex Sinaiticus[edit]

The text of the Old Testament in Codex Sinaiticus contains the following passages:[17][18]

Missing: Exodus, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1 Samuel, 2 Samuel, 1 Kings, 2 Kings, 2 Chronicles, Daniel.[a]

NT contains all books except a number of passages.

Codex Alexandrinus[edit]

OT[edit]

The codex contains a nearly complete copy of the LXX. The books of the Old Testament are thus distributed: Genesis — 2 Chronicles (first volume), Hosea — 4 Maccabees (second volume), Psalms — Sirach (third volume).[21]

Due to damage and lost folios, various passages are missing or have defects:

  • Lacking:
    • 1 Sam 12:17-14:9 (1 leaf);
    • Ps 49:20-79:11 (9 leaves);[22]
  • Damaged:
    • Gen 14:14-17, 15:1-5, 15:16-19, 16:6-9 (lower portion of torn leaf lost);[23]
  • Defects due to torn leaves:
    • Genesis 1:20-25, 1:29-2:3,
    • Lev 8:6,7,16[21]

NT[edit]

The New Testament (fourth volume) books follow in order: Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, General epistles, Pauline epistles (Hebrews placed between 2 Thessalonians and 1 Timothy), Book of Revelation.

Due to damage and lost folios, various passages are missing or have defects:

Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus[edit]

Lacunae

  • Gospel of Matthew: 1:1–2; 5:15–7:5; 17:26–18:28; 22:21–23:17; 24:10–45; 25:30–26:22; 27:11–46; 28:15-fin.;

Codex Marchalianus[edit]

Codex Marchalianus contains text of the Twelve Prophets, Book of Isaiah, Book of Jeremiah with Baruch, Lamentations, Epistle, Book of Ezekiel, Book of Daniel, with Susanna and Bel. The order of the 12 Prophets is unusual: Hosea, Amos, Micah, Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. The order of books is the same as in Codex Vaticanus. The Book of Daniel represents the Theodotion version.

Dead Sea Scrolls[edit]

Dead Sea Scrolls Dating[edit]

Obadiah[edit]

  • 4Q82 (4QXIIg; 25 BCE) with extant verses 1–5, 8–12, 14–15.[28]

Parashot[edit]

The parashah sections listed here are based on the Aleppo Codex.[29] Isaiah 66 is a part of the Consolations (Isaiah 40–66). {P}: open parashah; {S}: closed parashah.

{S} 66:1-4 {S} 66:5-9 {S} 66:10-11 {S} 66:12-14 {S} 66:15-24

The Parashot section incorporates some copied content from Parashah as of March 14, 2019; see that page's history for attribution

Parashot attribution[edit]

Some content in the Parashot section was copied from Parashah with modification after verifying the information.

The Parashot section incorporates some copied content from Parashah as of March 14, 2019; see that page's history for attribution

The parashah sections listed here are based on the Aleppo Codex, and those in the missing parts of the codex (since 1947) are from Kimhi's notes,[30] marked with an asterisk (*).[31]

Masoretic Text[edit]

A marginal note in the Masoretic Text tradition indicates that the middle word of the Pentateuch (Torah; the five Books of Moses) in Hebrew resides in Leviticus 11:16, and the middle letter in Leviticus 11:42. The middle verse of each of the five parts are Genesis 27:40, Exodus 22:27; Leviticus 15:7; Numbers 17:20 and Deuteronomy 17:10. This meticulous counting is a way to safeguard the accuracy of the Bible's transmission.[32]

Description[edit]

Jewish Encyclopedia has a separate section for "Bible Manuscripts".[33]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ The whole book of Daniel is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.[20]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
  2. ^ Jull, Timothy A. J.; Donahue, Douglas J.; Broshi, Magen; Tov, Emanuel (1995). "Radiocarbon Dating of Scrolls and Linen Fragments from the Judean Desert". Radiocarbon. 37 (1): 14. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  3. ^ Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 149. ISBN 9780802862419. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
  4. ^ a b Dead sea scrolls - Ezekiel
  5. ^ Mas 1d at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  6. ^ a b Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
  7. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 127.
  8. ^ The City and the Book I
  9. ^ Kahle 1959, p. 91.
  10. ^ P. W. Skehan (2003), "BIBLE (TEXTS)", New Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 2 (2nd ed.), Gale, pp. 355–362
  11. ^ Würthwein, Ernst (1988). Der Text des Alten Testaments. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. p. 84. ISBN 3-438-06006-X.
  12. ^ Swete, Henry Barclay (1902). An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek. Cambridge. p. 104.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ^ Swete, Henry Barclay (1902). An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek. Cambridge. p. 105.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ^ a b c Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara (1995). The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 107, 109. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1.
  15. ^ Alexander Souter (1913). The Text and the Canon of the New Testament. London. p. 20.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ^ Waltz, Robert. Encyclopeida of Textual Criticism.
  17. ^ Würthwein, Ernst (1988). Der Text des Alten Testaments (2nd ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. p. 85. ISBN 3-438-06006-X.
  18. ^ Swete, Henry Barclay (1902). An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek. Cambridge: Macmillan and Co. pp. 129–130.
  19. ^  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  20. ^  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  21. ^ a b Swete, Henry Barclay (1902). An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek. Cambridge: Macmillan and Co. p. 125.
  22. ^ Würthwein, Ernst (1988). Der Text des Alten Testaments (2nd ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. p. 85. ISBN 3-438-06006-X.
  23. ^ C. R. Gregory, "Textkritik des Neuen Testaments", Leipzig 1900, vol. 1, p. 29.
  24. ^ Gregory, C. R. (1900). Textkritik des Neuen Testaments (in German). Vol. 1. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung. p. 30. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
  25. ^ Juan Hernández, Scribal habits and theological influences in the Apocalypse, Mohr Siebeck, 2006, p. 102.
  26. ^ Fincke, Andrew (2001). The Samuel Scroll from Qumran. 4QSamᵃ restored and compared to the Septuagint and 4QSamᶜ. Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah. Vol. 43. Brill. pp. 3–7. doi:10.1163/9789004350410. ISBN 978-90-04-12370-0.
  27. ^ a b c Cross, F.M. apud Freedman, D.N.; Mathews, K.A. (1985). The Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll (11QpaleoLev). Winona Lake, Indiana. p. 55
  28. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 39.
  29. ^ As reflected in the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 edition of the Hebrew Bible in English.
  30. ^ A scan of Rabbi Shalom Shachna Yellin's bible, which contains notations by his son-in-law, Yehoshua Kimchi, that describe details of the Aleppo Codex.
  31. ^ Ofer 1992, p. 320.
  32. ^ Shepherd, Michael (2018). A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The Minor Prophets. Kregel Exegetical Library. Kregel Academic. p. 23. ISBN 978-0825444593.
  33. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "BIBLE MANUSCRIPTS". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

Sources[edit]

Psalms:

Jeremiah

Aleppo Codex and Yellin/Kimhi:

External links[edit]
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