User:Fyddlestix/daycare
The Day-care abuse panic, sometimes referred to as the day care ritual abuse panic was a moral panic that occurred in the United States during the 1980s and early 1990s. During this period, hundreds of childcare workers and more than 100 day care centers[1] were accused of horrific sexual abuse and satanic ritual abuse against children. Most of the charges were later found to have been baseless, and most of those convicted or charged were ultimately absolved,[2][3][4][5][6] though some cases - such as that of Frank Furster - whose case has sometimes been portrayed as an instance of the panic, but who was convicted and remains in prison - remain controversial.[7][8][9][10]
The day care abuse panic was initiated by the McMartin preschool trial, in which a total of 369 children who attended a preschool in Manhattan Beach, California, were accused were identified as victims beginning in 1983.[11] Media coverage of the McMartin case and similar cases was highly sensationalistic, and an "epidemic" of similar cases developed rapidly during the 1980s.[3] Distinct from other child sex abuse investigations, the investigations that resulted from this moral panic involved outlandish accusations - such as allegations that teachers had thrown children into a tank full of sharks, forced them to watch the torture and dismemberment of animals, taken them to a graveyard to dig up bodies, or forced them to participate in elaborate religious ceremonies. Physical evidence that substantiated these accusations was almost never found, and prosecutions relied almost entirely on children's testimony.[12]
Over time, skepticism of the claims being made in these cases mounted, and deepened after the accused in the McMartin trial were acquitted in 1990. By then, sociologists and psychologists were raising "serious doubts" about the validity of the allegations and investigative techniques made in these cases. Ultimately, most of these cases collapsed, and most of the care providers who had been convicted were later released.[4][5][3]
While some scholars continued to treat the subject of "ritual abuse" as genuine into the 1990s, the panic had largely subsided by 1995, and an extensive body of scholarly research has since found that suggestive interviewing techniques had induced children to make false reports in most of the day-care abuse panic cases.[4][5][3] Social scientists now generally agree that although sexual abuse of children is a real and pressing social problem, the allegations made in 1980s daycare cases were "mainly or entirely false,"[2] and a product of suggestive interviewing techniques and social anxiety about satanism and child protection rather than of actual child abuse. According to Debbie Nathan and Mike Snedeker, "the children had been eminently reliable" at the outset of these cases, but reported not having been abused when first questioned. In most cases, it was only after "intense and relentless insistence" and repeated questioning by concerned adults that children alleged abuse, with the result that their testimony amounted to "juvenile renderings of grownups' anxieties," and "adult projections and fantasies."[13]
According to sociologist Mary de Young, the period between the start of the McMartin preschool case in 1983 and the acquittal of the accused in 1990 was "a moral panic... that targeted a hundred or so day care centers in large cities and small towns across the United States." De Young's book The Day Care Ritual Abuse Moral Panic identifies and studies 22 separate cases in depth, and suggests that they all share common elements, and developed in a similar pattern.[14]
According to psychologists James M. Wood, Debbie Nathan, M. Teresa Nezworski, and Elizabeth Uhl, The moral panic cases of the 1980s are atypical, and distinct from routine sexual abuse cases handled by law enforcement and child protective services (CPS) authorities today, in that the cases of the 1980s were characterized by "epidemics of false allegations by children," whereas "the large majority of sexual abuse allegations made by children to police and CPS today are probably true and reliable."[3]
References[edit]
- ^ Critcher, Chas (1 March 2003). Moral Panics And The Media. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). ISBN 978-0-335-20908-8.
- ^ a b Susan Bandes, "The Lessons of Capturing the Friedmans: Moral Panic, Institutional Denial and Due Process," Law, Culture and the Humanities Vol 3, Issue 2, pp. 293 - 319.
- "In the 1980’s hundreds of childcare workers were accused of sexually abusing children in horrific ways. Some of the accusations defied belief: horses sacrificed in broad daylight to intimidate children, ritual slaughter of babies, alien abductions, children transmogrified into mice. Most of these charges turned out to be entirely unfounded...many of these prosecutions have been discredited, and the majority of the sentences overturned."
- "Sociologists have classified this series of day care sexual abuse prosecutions as a classic moral panic."
- ^ a b c d e James M. Wood; Debbie Nathan; M. Teresa Nezworski; Elizabeth Uhl (10 August 2009). "Child Sexual Abuse Investigations: Lessons Learned from the McMartin and Other Daycare Cases". In Bette L. Bottoms; Cynthia J. Najdowski; Gail S. Goodman (eds.). Children as Victims, Witnesses, and Offenders: Psychological Science and the Law. Guilford Press. pp. 81–101. ISBN 978-1-60623-358-0.
- "During the 1980s and early 1990s, American newspaper headlines tracked an epidemic of bizarre sexual abuse cases as it spread across the nation. From California to Massachusetts to Florida, hundreds of young children reported being victimized by their teacher and daycare workers, often in orgies involving se rings or satanic cults."
- "Social scientists now generally agree that, although sexual abuse of children is a real and important social problem, the bizarre allegations that fueled the daycare cases of the 1980s were mainly or entirely false."
- ^ a b c Garven, Sena, et al. "More than suggestion: The effect of interviewing techniques from the McMartin Preschool case." Journal Of Applied Psychology 83, no. 3 (June 1998): 347-359.
- During the 1980s a series of highly publicized “daycare ritual abuse cases” erupted in communities across the United States and Europe. The cases typically involved allegations by preschool children that they had been terrorized and sexually abused by day-care workers in bizarre scenarios with Satanic or ritualistic overtones. Some scholars continue to take the view that these cases were genuine and involved actual ritual abuse (Faller, 1996; Summit, 1994). However, skepticism has become widespread among research psychologists. An extensive body of research, arising in the wake of the day-care cases of the 1980s, has identified a variety of interviewing techniques that can induce children to make false reports.
- ^ a b c Nadja Schreiber, Lisa D. Bellah, Yolanda Martinez, Kristin A. McLaurin, Renata Strok, Sena Garven, and James M. Wood, "Suggestive interviewing in the McMartin Preschool and Kelly Michaels daycare abuse cases: A case study," Social Influence Vol. 1 , Iss. 1, 2006.
- "In the 1980s and early 1990s the United States witnessed an epidemic of what some commentators have called 'Satanic panic' ... contributing to the panic was a national outbreak of so-called 'daycare abuse' cases, in which groups of young children alleged that they had been sexually abused by their caretakers and forced to participate in bizarre ceremonies with satanic overtones. Many social scientists, scholars, and legal authorities now view the stories of Satanic conspiracy that circulated in the 1980s as urban legends, and the daycare abuse cases as historical aberrations... Psychological researchers have taken a special interest in the interviewing techniques in these cases, which apparently induced children to make false accusations."
- ^ Philip Jenkins (1 December 2004). Moral Panic: Changing Concepts of the Child Molester in Modern America. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10963-4.
- "The McMartin affair was followed by dozens of comparable cases in all parts of the country, all involving bizarre or ritualistic methods of abuse and all sharing similar backgrounds. Whether in Bakersfield (California), Jordan (Minnesota), Edenton, (North Carolina), Martensville (Canada) or Wenatchee (Washington), the affair generally began with a limited, plausible allegation... in the ensuing investigation, interrogation of child "victims" produced evidence that far more abuse had occurred than originally thought, and ultimately the compounding reports and rumors would implicate dozens of local residents in what could only be called sex rings or cults. Supposed victims were questioned, until they confirmed the charges and offered their own creative embellishments."
- "Most day care and preschool prosecutions resulted in either the acquittal of the accused or the conviction of some individuals on counts that involved neither satanic nor ritualistic elements. Even these convictions were often overturned when appeals courts examined the means by which testimony had been elicited from children."
- ^ Cheit, Ross E.; Mervis, David (2007). "Myths About the Country Walk Case" (PDF). Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 16 (3): 23.
- ^ Nathan, Debbie (1993). "Revisiting Country Walk". Issues in Child Abuse Accusations. 5 (1).
- ^ Debbie Nathan, "The Public Was Shocked", Miami New Times, March 3, 1993.
- ^ Ross E. Cheit (28 April 2014). The Witch-Hunt Narrative: Politics, Psychology, and the Sexual Abuse of Children. Oxford University Press. pp. 328–. ISBN 978-0-19-022633-6.
- ^ Mary deYoung, "Another look at moral panics: The case of satanic day care centers" Deviant Behavior Vol. 19 , Iss. 3, 1998.
- ^ Richard Beck (4 August 2015). We Believe the Children: A Moral Panic in the 1980s. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-61039-288-4.
- ^ Debbie Nathan; Michael Snedeker (3 October 1996). Satan's Silence: Ritual Abuse And The Making Of A Modern American Witch Hunt. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-07181-4.
- ^ Mary de Young (9 February 2004). The Day Care Ritual Abuse Moral Panic. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1830-5.