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MIT 312 - HISTORY OF FILM[edit]

Article Evaluation[edit]

3 Women [1]

Content[edit]

  • Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you?
    • Yes, everything was relevant to the article's topic, all sections included were to the point.
  • Is any information out of date? Is anything missing that could be added?
    • No, as it is discussing the film and its chronicles .
  • What else could be improved?
    • I believe everything important was discussed and so I don't think any improvements are needed to this article.

Tone[edit]

  • Is the article neutral? Are there any claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
    • The article is neutral, however, quotes were added in the 'critical reception' section of people's reviews and critics on the film.
  • Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
    • I believe all viewpoints were presented equally, nothing was overrepresented.

Sources[edit]

  • Check a few citations. Do the links work? Does the source support the claims in the article?
    • Yes, the links work and support the information in the article.
  • Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted?
    • Facts are referenced, and reliable. I believe there both neutral and biased sources used, as to that some would talk about how strong the film was and that it must be watched more than once.

Talkpage[2][edit]

  • What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?
    • There was only one comment
  • How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects?
    • C-Class, WikiProjects film articles
  • How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?
    • Similar way


History of Film (Citation Exercise)[edit]

"Feminist film history involves the ongoing rewriting of the past through the lens of gender/sexual difference and from the perspective of women, whose work is too often erased or sidelined in dominant narratives of the history of cinema" [3]


Article Selection[edit]

Cinema of Europe[4]

References[edit]

Nowell-Smith, G. (1996) The Oxford History of World Cinema. United States: New York Oxford University Press.

Hake, S. (2013). German Cinema as European Cinema: Learning from Film History. Film History: An International Journal 25(1), 110-117. Indiana University Press. Retrieved March 2, 2019, from Project MUSE database.

https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/northwestern/detail.action?docID=845839

https://muse-jhu-edu.turing.library.northwestern.edu/article/505160

Armes, R. (1985). French Cinema. New York: Oxford University Press.

Shlapentokh, D., & Shlapentokh, V. (1993). Soviet Cinematography 1918-1991. NY: Aldine De Gruyter.

Bondanella, P. (2009) A History of Italian Cinema. New York city, New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc.

Caprotti, F. (2005). Information Management and Fascist Identity: newsreels in fascist Italy. Media History, pp. 177 - 191. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13688800500323899  


Cinema of Europe (article draft)[edit]

Italian Neorealism[edit]

Rise of movement[edit]

The birth of Italian Neorealism, also known as the Golden Age came from living in a totalitarian society under the authority of Benito Mussolini, a nationalist, fascist leader and Prime Minister of Italy during 1922 - 1943[5]. One of the notable turning points in Italian cinema was Italy shifting from Fascism to Neorealism[5]. Mussolini has established Italy as a totalitarian state by 1925 after coming to power but it did not impact the film industry until 1926 when it took over L’Unione Cinematografica Educativa, also known as the National Institute of the Union of Cinematography and Education[6].

Neorealism depicts a modified view of reality, it gave the Italians a chance to go outside to the streets and portray the devastating effects of World War II on Italy. Italian Neorealism films mostly showcased unprofessional actors purposefully since they were considered low-budget films and shot them live on location spots[7]. Furthermore, they emphasized the use of non-professional actors to exhibit the artistic beauty and sense of realism in films[8]. This particular film movement focused heavily on the working class population of Italy as it also conveyed their problems and daily life to portray the perspective of ordinary life in pre and post world war I fascist Italy[7]. Despite the leadership, it gradually impacted Italian films throughout that era, in fact only 5% of of the fascist films were produced between 1930 - 1943[6]. Fortunately, Italian Neorealism actually introduced the world to the very first Film Festival by 1932 in Venice, it was known as, “First International Exhibition of Cinematic Art”[6]. Since the effect of fascism on the film industry was quite slow it was only during 1933 that a rule was enforced claiming 1 Italian film must be screened for every 3 foreign films presented[6].

Pre War and Post War[edit]

Before World War I Italy’s cinema was mostly dominating on a national level as a result of outstanding support from exports and the local market[9]. Italian cinema essentially began with the introduction of moving pictures in the late 1890s, in fact the first Italian film ever was a film produced during 1896 that showcased the Queen and King's visit to Florence[10]. The Avant-garde movement began at 1911 with experimental works and innovations on film and only a few films have been preserved form that time including The Last Days of Pompeii (1913) directed by Mario Caserini [10]. During 1914, Italian cinema produced 1027 films, whereas a year after during 1915 only 563 films created, almost half the amount of the year prior[6]. In the same year, Italian femme fatale was introduced to the industry and established notable film actresses and stars[10]. Eleonora Duse was a famous Italian actress who was the first featured woman and also the very first Italian in a Time Magazine[11]. Throughout the 1930s, Cinecittà, a film studio complex was built in Rome and was a home for Italy's star directors[10].

The aftermath of World War II was also known as the neorealist period since that introduced the most prominent and well distinguished filmmakers, directors and screenwriters[5]. Italian neorealism was the dominant movement in world cinema after the war, in fact it was known not only for its dedicated effort to resolve and confront societal issues but also provided an optimistic scope towards the future and maintained the clash between individuals and society[6]. The Italian Neorealism films mainly revolved around themes depicting life under an authoritative regime, poverty and the lower class, effects of the aftermath of the war on the Italian society [12]. Despite Italian cinema being considered as auteur, it was actually as good as the Hollywood films from the Box office with the graininess, limited budget size and documentary quality like films[13]. Italian neorealism introduced a surge of films revolving around political and social conflicts but were cautious in conveying doctrinaires or signs against authority[13]. Instead, the films were heavily influenced by literature, history, art and photography to broaden the audience's perspective and expand the horizon's of film enthusiasts[13].

Styles and conventions[edit]

Propaganda film styles constituted of a variety of factors with political motives in contribution to the films being produced[6]. Some of the prominent styles featured included patriotic/military films, anti-soviet films and Italy’s civilization mission in Africa of peacekeeping among other styles[6]. In contrast, regular genre films exhibited melodramas, comedies and historical costume dramas[6]. The term neorealism is defined as new realism[14]. The meaning derived from the word is quite sophisticated as it makes the audience question the extent to what is a new vs. old film, as well as it restricts its parameters in relation to society, culture and time periods[14]. Thus, Italian Neorealism has designed its own distinct characteristics that are based on social realism, historical content and political devotion[9]. The films brought a surge of raw emotions between the actor and audience as a result of the relation to Marxist humanism, a concept that fulfilled the realism within the film[9].

In order to better understand Italian neorealism one should view it through a lens of understanding social class struggle[7]. It is essential to distinguish the lower working class minority with the wealthy high class population and perhaps compare and contrast their circumstances to truly comprehend the social realism in Italy[7]. After conducting an overview analysis and looking at the years 1945 - 1953 it was interestingly noted that only 11% of the 822 films produced during that period would be considered neorealist films[9]. Despite the great impact of World War II on Italy, Italian neorealism films actually rejected traditional film genres and took literary text adaptations such as Cronache Di Poveri Amanti (1954) translated as Chronicle of Poor Lovers directed by Carlo Lizzani and Senso (1954) directed by Luchino Visconti featuring romantic melodramas and historical costume dramas[9].  Films made during the Italian Neorealism period portrayed a blend of routine and day to day life basis to emphasize the realistic elements as seen in numerous films including Bicycle Thieves (1948) also known as Ladri di biciclette by Vittorio De Sica. The film was an accurate vivid modern representation of the social economic system (Bondanella, 2009, 86)[9]. The effects of the war were everlasting and has even shaped contemporary cinema as it provided them stories worth sharing[9].


Prominent Italian Neorealism film directors:[edit]

Famous Italian Neorealism films:[edit]


Soviet Cinema[edit]

The Soviet Union cinema comprises movies created by the constituent republics of the Soviet Union. Predominantly produced in the Russian language, the films reflect pre-Soviet elements including the history, language, and culture of the Union. It is different from the Russian cinema, even though the central government in Moscow regulates the movies. Among their republican films, Georgia, Armenia, Ukraine, and Azerbaijan were the most productive. Besides, Moldavia, Belarus, and Lithuania have also been prominent but to a lesser extent. The film industry was completely nationalized for a major part of the history of the country. It was governed by the laws and philosophies advocated by the monopoly Soviet Communist Party that brought a revolutionized perspective of the cinema in the form of ‘social realism’ that contrasted with the view that was in place before the Soviet Union or even after it[15].

The Russians had an instinct for film-making from the very start. The first film dramatized by the Russians was made in the year 1908, which gives the Russian cinematography the status of one of the oldest industries in the world. There were more than 1300 cinemas in Russia till the year 1913 and the country had produced over 100 movies which had a profound influence on the filmmaking of the American and European origin [16].

Censorship[edit]

Films in the Soviet Union started to be censored especially ever since November 1917 when the People’s Commissariat of Education was created[17]. It was almost a month after the Soviet state was itself established. After the Bolsheviks gained strength in the Soviet Union in the year 1917, they had a major deficit of political legitimacy. Political foundations were uneasy and the cinema played an important role in the protection of the USSR’s existence. Movies played a central role at that time since they served to convince the masses about the legitimacy of the regime and their status as the bearers of historical facts. Some of the prominent movies of the time include ‘The Great Citizen’ and ‘Circus’.  A film committee was set up in March 1919 to establish a school view a view to train the technicians and actors so that a modest movie production schedule would be commenced. The committee was headed by a long-term Bolshevik party’s member D.I. Leshchenko, In addition to looking after and ensuring the correctness of genres and themes of the film companies, Leshchenko also worked to deter the flaring up of anti-Soviet movie propaganda. It was particularly important because of the war communism in that era.

The documentaries and features of Soviet cinema thrived at their best in the 1920s. Filmmakers enthusiastically engaged themselves in the development of the first socialist state of the world. Rather than having to create money for the Hollywood film industry, the filmmakers saw this as an opportunity to focus on the education of people of the new Soviet. First leader of the country to become the U.S.S.R. and founder of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution – Valdimir IlychLenin, visualized the cinema as a technological art that was best suited for a state established on the basis of the conversion of humanity by means of technology and industry[18]. Cinema took the position of the most valuable form means of art production and propagation across masses. The decade is known for experimentation with different styles of movie-making.

The 1920s[edit]

During the 1920s, the USSR was getting a New Economic Policy. It was a decade when certain industries had a relaxed state control that provided people with a sense of mini-capitalism inside the Communist economy. That was a time of prosperity of the private movie theaters, and together with it, the whole Soviet movie industry thrived. American movies like ‘Battleship Potemkin’ had a major influence on the Russians unlike Soviet productions. Many Hollywood stars like Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks were idolized as heroes. The heroic Fairbanks became a sex symbol and the contemporary star system got popularity with Pickford. The Soviet reaction to the Hollywood influence was a mix of repulsion and admiration. Near the end of 1924, Sovkino and ARK were established which were two organizations that influenced the cinema of the Soviet Union the most in the decade[15]. That was a time when the ambitious, zealous, and young film community members had bright plans for the film industry. Their efforts were directed at making the processes of production and distribution more effective and organized, and raising the status of workers in the industry. In other words, they tried to publicize the cinema.

Prominent Soviet Cinema directors:[edit]

Famous Soviet Cinema films:[edit]

French Cinema[edit]

The Rise of Movement/Film Era[edit]

Like the other forms of art, film cinema portrays the several authenticities that face several people. France can be considered one of the main pioneers of the entire global film industry. The proof of this claim that between 1895 – 1905 France invented the concept of cinema when the Lumière brothers first film screened on 28th December, 1895, called The Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat Station, in Paris[19]. It lasted only 50 seconds but it launched and gave birth to the new medium of expression in the film industry. Lumiére from France has been credited since 1895 and was recognized as the discoverer of the motion camera[19]. However, despite other inventors preceding him, his achievement is often believed to be in the perspective of this creative era[18]. Lumiere’s suitcase-sized cinematography, which was moveable served as a film dispensation unit, camera, and projector all in one. During the 1890s, film cinemas became a few minutes long and commenced to consist of various shots too[20]. Other pioneers were also French including Niépce, Daguerre, and Marey, during the 1880s they were able to combine science and art together to launch the film industry[19]. The pioneers of the French film were influenced by their historical heritage stemming from the need to express the narrative of a nation. The 19th century in France was a period of nationalism launched by the French Revolution (1789–1792)[21]. Marey (1830- 1904) invented the photo gun (1882) which was developed to function and be able to have a photographic paper of 150 images in motion[22]. Emile Reynaud 1844-1918 was the founding father of animation. The short-animated film Pantomimes Lumineuses exhibited during 1892 at the Musee Grevin was developed as a result of his invention, the Praxinoscope projector. This invention brought together color and hand drawn drawings[23]. Film Company was established as France’s first film studio before Pathe Film Studio and founded by Gaumont (1864-1946)[19]. In 1907, Gaumont was the largest movie studio in the world, it also prompted the work of the first female filmmaker Guy-Blaché who created the film L'enfant de la barricade[24].

Pre-and Post-World War I French Cinema[edit]

The pre-World War I period marked the influences of France’s historical past with film not only galvanizing a period of advances in science and engineering, but a need for film to become a platform to explore the narrative of their culture and in doing so created a narcissistic platform[25]. Before World War I, French and Italian cinema dominated the European cinema. Zecca, the director general at Pathé Frères perfected the comic version of the chase film which was inspired by Keystone Kops. Besides, Max Linder created a comic persona that profoundly influenced Charlie Chaplin’s work[26]. Other films that began pre-war in France also included the Assassination of the Duke of Guise as well as the film d’art movement in 1908. These films depicted the realities of human life especially within the European society[27]. Moreover, French film produced costume spectacles that raised attention and brought global prominence before the start of World War I. Approximately 70% of the global films were imported from Paris studios from Éclair, Gaumont, and Pathe before the war[28]. However, as WWI commenced, the French film industry declined during the war because it lost many of its resources which were drained away to support the war. Besides, WWI blocked the exportation of French films forcing it to reduce large productions to pay attention to low finance film-making[29]. However, in the years that followed the war, American films increasingly entered the French market because the American film industry was not affected by the war as much. This meant that a total of 70% of Hollywood films were screened in France[30]. During this period, the French film industry faced a crisis as the number of its produced features decreased and they were surpassed by their competitors including the United States of America and Germany.

Post World War II French Cinema[edit]

After the end of World War II, the French cinema art commenced its formation of the modern image as well as recognizing its after-impacts. Following the establishment and growth of the American and German film industries during post-WWI era as well as during Great Depression. Many German and American movies had taken the stage of the French and global market[31]. Morover, during WWII, the French film industry focused mainly on the production of anti-Nazi movies especially during the late 1940s as the war came to an end. After this era, French film industry directors commenced addressing the issues affecting humanism as well focused on the production of high-eminence entertaining films[32].In addition, the screening of French literary classics involved La Charterhouse and Rouge et le Noir attained spread great fame across the globe. Besides, Nowell-Smith (2017) asserts that one of the core cinema works that gained popularity during that period was Resnais' directed movie, Mon Amour [33]. This led to Cannes hosting their first International Film Festival receiving the annual status.

Styles and Conventions in French Cinema[edit]

The French New Wave which was accompanied by its cinematic forms led to a fresh look to the French cinema. The cinema had improvised dialogue, swift scene changes and shots that went past the standard 180 degrees axis. Besides, the camera was not utilized to captivate the audience with a detailed narrative and extreme visuals but instead was used to play with the anticipations of the cinema[26]. Classically, conventions highlighted tense control over the filmmaking procedure. Besides, the New Wave intentionally shunned this. Movies were usually shot in public locations with invented dialogue and plots built on the fly[34]. In several means, it appeared sloppy, but it also captured an enthusiasm and impulsiveness that no famous film could expect to equate. Moreover, the filmmakers of the French New Wave usually abandoned the utilization of remixing their sound. Instead, they utilized a naturalist soundtrack recorded during the capture and illustrated unaltered even though it included intrusions and mistakes. Besides, it lent the film a sense of freshness and energy like their other skills that were not in past films[35].They used hand-held cameras which could shoot well in tight quarters generating a familiarity that more costly and more burdensome cameras could not rival. A majority of the New Wave films used long, extended shots which were facilitated by these kinds of cameras[36]. Lastly, French films used jump cuts which threw the viewers out of the onscreen drama, unlike the traditional filmmaking.

Avant-Garde[edit]

This was the French impressionist cinema which denotes to a cluster of French movies and filmmakers of the 1920s. These filmmakers, however, are believed to be responsible for producing cinemas that defined cinema[37]. The movement happened between 1918 and 1930 a period that saw rapid growth and change of the French and global cinema. One of the main stimulations behind the French Impressionist avant-garde was to discover the impression of ‘pure cinema’ and to style film into an artistic form, and as an approach of symbolism and demonstration rather than merely telling a story[38]. This avant-garde highlighted the association amongst realism and the camera. This was a result of ‘photogenie’, Epstien’s conception on discovering the impression of reality specifically through the camera, emphazing the fact that it portrays personality in film[38]. The obvious film techniques utilized by the French Impressionist avant-garde are slow-motion, soft-focus, dissolves, and image alteration to develop the creative expression[38].

Prominent French Impressionist film directors:[edit]

Famous French Impressionist films:[edit]


German Cinema[edit]

German expressionism  [edit]

German expressionism surfaced as a German art movement in the early 20th century. The focus of this movement was at the inner ideas and feelings of the artists over the replication of facts. Some of the characteristic features of German expressionism were bright colors and simplified shapes, brushstrokes and gestural marks. The two different inspirations of film style that German expressionism drives from are horror films and film Noir.

Prominent German expressionism director:[edit]

Famous German expressionism films:

World War I[edit]

German film industry was not ready when the First World War started. In the initial days of the the war’s outbreak, nearly everyone in the industry was unsafe. First few victories achieved in the west changed the mood of the Germans and they became more patriotic. As a result of this, owners of movie theaters in Germany decided to remove all English and French films from the repertoire of German movies. Around the same time, as borders underwent separation because of war and the international trade was closed, Germans couldn’t really connect with the international cinema for almost a decade. Around the time July 1914 ended, there were a lot of movies in the German market[39]. However, as the First World War started, many enemy states temporarily banned the films, and censorship decrees were introduced. All of these factors collectively caused an acute dearth of feature films. German film producers started supporting war programs of patriotic nature around the end of August 1914. Movies started to contain scenes illustrating war related ideas shaped by history, and the scenes were deemed historically true representation of reality. Such a depiction of war addressed all needs of classical communication criteria, so they met with economic success. Producers started making movies on many other subjects around the start of 1915. A common theme of all those movies was a successful journey of the protagonist through the war that comes as a test in the way of final destination[39].

Censorship[edit]

While there were heavy regulations placed on the press releases, no uniform rules existed for the censorship of picture. During the course of the First World War, censors which were enacted newly also placed a ban on the movies that had been approved for production already as they were deemed unsuitable for the war. Censorship in that time was very decentralized and it deterred the surfacing of a concerted film market in Germany[40]. The first movie company of Germany to be allowed to shoot the scenes of war officially was EIKO-film. The permission was granted on 2 September 1914 [40]. However, first war movies made by EIKO-film were confiscated by the Berlin police on 12 September 1914 because of the doubts of surveillance. Such confiscation had also been observed in certain other areas of the country. It was in October 1914 when the cinemas got their first war newsreel [40]. But the engagement of theater operators in the occupied territories’ military service limited film viewing. The collective effect of these limitations and censorship caused a decrease in war cinematography.

Post World War I[edit]

Unlike the war movies made in the War’s initial phases, the focus of directors and producers in the war’s aftermath increasingly shifted towards feature films. This laid the basis of more professional movie production. Along with that, a national movie culture started to be expressed after the war. With the increased demand of German movies, many new film making companies emerged[40]. It was a time of continuous expansion of the Berlin film industry. From the mid-1915, German producers started making detective film series, but failed to meet the demand even though they were also making serial productions related to other genres. Owing to the censorship laws and legal restrictions, the French and British movies obtained before the First World War continued to be shown in most cinemas of Germany in 1915 till a ban was imposed on them. Therefore, operators of cinemas looked for movies made by producers from neutral countries[40]. There was a single cause of official propaganda during the initial half of the war as per the German government. The meaning and significance of war had become quite questionable by the year 1916 with the commencement of a re-evaluation of movies. Directors and producers started to consider designs suitable for the period after the end of war.

Owing to the growing dissatisfaction of people with the military situation and increasing shortage of food, the military and the state resolved to establish the Universum-Film AG (Ufa) on 18 December 1917 [40]. It was a commercially oriented new movie making company that was found with the purpose to make feature films with just concealed propaganda[40]. The purpose to be served by these feature films was to stabilize the wartime morale and boost it. The founders wanted to feature civilian, non-warlike and inoffensive material in the films to play a part in the victory by drawing people’s attention away from the war. the First World War played an important role in the growth as well as technical changes in the laws and operation of cinema in Germany. German producers have made many artistic and technical contributions to early film technology.

MIT 398 - INTERCULTURAL INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION[edit]

Article Evaluation[edit]

Homeschooling[41]

Content[edit]

  • Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you?
    • Yes, I believe everything in the article was relevant, all sections included were relevant to the topic, for example, when they explained all the different homeschool learning styles, and the status of homeschooling around the world.
  • Is any information out of date? Is anything missing that could be added?
    • No, the article was recently updated this month. Nothing is missing, the article includes a variety of detailed subsections on the topic.
  • What else could be improved?
    • I don't think any improvements are needed for this article as it covers all important parts of this topic..

Tone[edit]

  • Is the article neutral? Are there any claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
    • This article is neutral, it is clearly mentioning what research has found, even when talking about homeschooling in different countries, the author kept it neutral.
  • Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
    • I personally think that nothing was overrepresented, viewpoints were equally presented, both sides of the topic where included.

Sources[edit]

  • Check a few citations. Do the links work? Does the source support the claims in the article?
    • All citations I checked worked, and they do actually support most of the claims in the article.
  • Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted?
    • Reliable references are made with each facts, such as the statistics part and history part of homeschooling. Both neutral and biased sources were used, for example ones talks about the "dark past"of homeschooling, and another talks about throwing "out all those standards that white America will tell you your child should know"[42].

Talkpage [43][edit]

  • What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?
    • Other reviewers explain the edits they made for the article and why, for example deleting a sentence because it was not referenced, or telling the author to add more to a sentence or section because it seems 'vague' [44].
  • How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects?
    • It's rated B-Class for WikiProject homeschooling, WikiProject Education, and WikiProject Philosophy, all with top-importance, and was rated C-Class, low-importance for WikiProjects Alternative education.
  • How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?
    • We haven't really talked about this topic in class.

Article Selection[edit]

Culture of Qatar[[1]]

Article Evaluation[edit]

  • Is the article's content relevant to the topic?
    • The article content is relevant to the topic, however, there is much more that can be said about Qatar's culture, for example, when talking about the Qatari cuisine they only mention that alcohol and pork are not allowed, rather than talking about the different traditional dishes which will give people a closer understanding of the culture.
  • Is it written neutrally?
    • Yes, the article is unbiased
  • Does each claim have a citation?
    • Most claims have citations, however, not all.
  • Are the citations reliable?
    • There are both reliable and unreliable sources used in this article.

Sources[edit]

  1. World, T. P. (2010). Qatar society & culture complete report : An all-inclusive profile combining all of our society and culture reports. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com (This is a book that I found from the NUQ library Qatar collections, it talks about the Qatari culture and the society, plus its a reliable source)
  2. Qatar [45] (This book talks about the novelistic tradition in Qatar and the development of modern literature)
  3. Qatar Culture[46] (This mentions social etiquette tips, talks about national dress, and language)
  4. Customs, Culture & Lifestyle in Qatar[47] (Talks about dress code, how to meet and greet, Ramadan dos and don'ts, and the Qatari business culture)
  5. National Museum of Qatar [48]
  6. Traditional Qatari dishes [49]

Brainstorming[edit]

- Add to Visual arts

- Add to Food and drinks

- Add to Media

- Add to Sports

- Edit all sections (grammar, structure)

- Consider adding a section on religion, and/or language

Possible content to include:[edit]

- Visual Arts: (add)[edit]

The National Museum of Qatar has recently joined the Qatar Museums institution when it first opened on March 27th, 2019[50]. The museum depicts the story of Qatar from the past, to the present, and the future of the country and it's citizens[51].

- Food and Drinks: (add)[edit]

The main dishes that are considered to be traditional Qatari food, include:

  • Machbous (kabsa), which is rice that is cooked with Arabic spices, served with chicken, lamb, or fish[52]. Machbous is mainly served with lamb during big celebrations, and any type of gatherings to show generosity [53].
  • Mathruba, which is rice beaten with cardamom, milk, butter, and any choice of meat, until it turns into porridge form [54].
  • Thareed, consists of bread soaked in vegetable, spices, and chicken/lamb stew[55]. It is specifically served everyday during Ramadan, along with Harees.
  • Harees, meat beaten with boiled ground wheat, until it turns into porridge form, to the consistency desired [56].
  • Balaleet, is a sweet and savory dish, that is usually eaten for breakfast or as a dessert, which includes vermicelli cooked with sugar, rose water, cardamom, and saffron, and topped with omelet eggs[57].
- Sports: (add)[edit]

Qatar will be hosting the 2022 FIFA World Cupfor the first time ever and will become the first Arab nation to host the FIFA World Cup[58].

- Language: (new section)[edit]

The legitimate language spoken in Qatar is Arabic. However, since more than half of Qatar's population are expats and migrants, English is also commonly spoken at public places especially at shops and restaurants [59].

The table below includes basic Arabic words[60]:

Arabic Arabic (pronunciation) English
السلام عليكم Alsalam-alaykum Hello
وعليكم السلام Wa-alaykum alsalam Hello (in response)
مرحبا Marhaba Welcome
كيف حالك Kaif halak How are you?
بخير Bkhair I'm good
لو سمحت Law samahit Please
مع السلامه Ma'al-salama Goodbye
شكرا Shukran Thank you
Religion: (new section)[edit]

The official religion practiced in Qatar is Islam. Qatar does not face any conflicts within groups of different religions, they tranquilly exist, where more than 90% of Qatar's population are Muslims, and the other 5% include Hindus, Jews, Christians, or other religious communities [61].

References[edit]

  1. ^ "3 Women", Wikipedia, 2019-01-10, retrieved 2019-02-14
  2. ^ "Talk:3 Women", Wikipedia, 2016-11-23, retrieved 2019-02-14
  3. ^ Hennefeld, Maggie (2018-04-01). "Film History". Feminist Media Histories. 4 (2): 77–83. doi:10.1525/fmh.2018.4.2.77. ISSN 2373-7492.
  4. ^ https://en.luquay.com/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ^ a b c "Deep focus: The roots of neorealism | Sight & Sound". British Film Institute. Retrieved 2019-04-14.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Geoffrey., Nowell-Smith, (1996). The Oxford history of world cinema. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198742428. OCLC 642157497.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ a b c d "Italian Neo-Realism". Film Theory. 2014-06-07. Retrieved 2019-04-14.
  8. ^ "Italian Neo-Realism". Film Theory. 2014-06-07. Retrieved 2019-04-14.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Bondanella, Peter (2009). A history of Italian cinema. New York City: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc. ISBN 9781501307638. OCLC 1031857078.
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