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'''Male [[contraceptives]]''' are methods of preventing pregnancy that primarily involve the male physiology. The most common kinds of male contraception include [[condom]]s, [[coitus interruptus|withdrawal]] (although medical professionals do not regard withdrawal as an effective method of contraception), and [[vasectomy]].<ref name=methods>{{cite journal | pmid = 20933119 | doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2010.03.016 | volume=82 | issue=5 | title=Acceptability of contraception for men: a review | year=2010 | month=November | author=Glasier A | journal=Contraception | pages=453–6}}</ref> In domestic animals, [[castration]] is commonly used for contraception. Other forms of male contraception are in various stages of [[research and development]].<ref>http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3543478/</ref> These include methods like [[Reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance|RISUG/VasalGel]] (which has completed a small phase II clinical trial in humans in India)<ref>{{cite journal|last=Guha|first=Sujoy|coauthors=Singh G, Ansari S, Kumar S, Srivastava A, Koul V, Das HC, Malhotra RL, Das SK.|title=Phase II clinical trial of a vas deferens injectable contraceptive for the male.|journal=Contraception|year=1997|month=Oct|pages=245–50|accessdate=1/18/2013|pmid=9408706|volume=56|issue=4}}</ref> and [[ultrasound]] (with results so far obtained in experimental animals<ref name="bare_url" /><ref name="Tsuruta">{{cite journal|last=Tsuruta|first=James K.|coauthors=Dayton PA, Gallippi CM, O'Rand MG, Streicker MA, Gessner RC, Gregory TS, Silva EJ, Hamil KG, Moser GJ, Sokal DC.|title=Therapeutic ultrasound as a potential male contraceptive: power, frequency and temperature required to deplete rat testes of meiotic cells and epididymides of sperm determined using a commercially available system.|journal=Reprod Biol Endocrinol.|date=30 January 2012|volume=10|issue=7|doi=10.1186/1477-7827-10-7|pmid=22289508|url=http://www.rbej.com/content/10/1/7}}</ref> ).
'''Male [[contraceptives]]''' are methods of preventing pregnancy that primarily involve the male physiology. The most common kinds of male contraception include [[condom]]s, [[Outercourse]], [[coitus interruptus|withdrawal]] (although medical professionals do not regard withdrawal as an effective method of contraception), and [[vasectomy]].<ref name=methods>{{cite journal | pmid = 20933119 | doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2010.03.016 | volume=82 | issue=5 | title=Acceptability of contraception for men: a review | year=2010 | month=November | author=Glasier A | journal=Contraception | pages=453–6}}</ref> In domestic animals, [[castration]] is commonly used for contraception. Other forms of male contraception are in various stages of [[research and development]].<ref>http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3543478/</ref> These include methods like [[Reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance|RISUG/VasalGel]] (which has completed a small phase III clinical trial in humans in India)<ref>{{cite journal|last=Guha|first=Sujoy|coauthors=Singh G, Ansari S, Kumar S, Srivastava A, Koul V, Das HC, Malhotra RL, Das SK.|title=Phase II clinical trial of a vas deferens injectable contraceptive for the male.|journal=Contraception|year=1997|month=Oct|pages=245–50|accessdate=1/18/2013|pmid=9408706|volume=56|issue=4}}</ref> and [[ultrasound]] (with results so far obtained in experimental animals<ref name="bare_url" /><ref name="Tsuruta">{{cite journal|last=Tsuruta|first=James K.|coauthors=Dayton PA, Gallippi CM, O'Rand MG, Streicker MA, Gessner RC, Gregory TS, Silva EJ, Hamil KG, Moser GJ, Sokal DC.|title=Therapeutic ultrasound as a potential male contraceptive: power, frequency and temperature required to deplete rat testes of meiotic cells and epididymides of sperm determined using a commercially available system.|journal=Reprod Biol Endocrinol.|date=30 January 2012|volume=10|issue=7|doi=10.1186/1477-7827-10-7|pmid=22289508|url=http://www.rbej.com/content/10/1/7}}</ref> ).


==Traditional methods==
==Traditional methods==
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== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://www.newmalecontraception.org/ Male Contraception Information Project]
* [http://www.newmalecontraception.org/ Male Contraception Information Project]
* [http://malecontraceptives.org/ Male Contraception Information, and how to accelerate progress]


{{Birth control methods}}
{{Birth control methods}}

Revision as of 22:03, 3 March 2013

Male contraceptives are methods of preventing pregnancy that primarily involve the male physiology. The most common kinds of male contraception include condoms, Outercourse, withdrawal (although medical professionals do not regard withdrawal as an effective method of contraception), and vasectomy.[1] In domestic animals, castration is commonly used for contraception. Other forms of male contraception are in various stages of research and development.[2] These include methods like RISUG/VasalGel (which has completed a small phase III clinical trial in humans in India)[3] and ultrasound (with results so far obtained in experimental animals[4][5] ).

Traditional methods

The withdrawal method has a failure rate of about 4% per year if used correctly at every act of intercourse.[6]

Dioscorides, ca. 40 A.D., described the contraceptive property of hemp seeds (Cannabis sativa) and rue (Ruta graveolens) in De Materia Medica, a text widely used into medieval times.[7] One test in rats (20 milligrams of the 80% ethanol extract) found that these reduced sperm count by more than half.[8] In medieval Persia (and in other traditions as cited) these herbs were used for male contraception, as well as Gossypium herbaceum (Malvaceae),[9] Cyperus longus (Cyperaceae), Vitex pseudonegundo (Verbenaceae), Chenopodium ambrosioides (Chenopodiaceae),[10][11] Aristolochia indica (Aristolochiaceae),[12] Punica granatum (Punicaceae),[13] and Sarcostemma acidum (Asclepiadaceae).[14] However, the compound isolated from Gossypium, as well as other cotton seeds and okra (gossypol) has been abandoned as for contraceptive use because it was found to cause permanent infertility in ten to twenty percent of users.[15]

In Indian traditional medicine, uses of the neem tree were described in Ayurvedic medicine, by Sushruta and in the Rasarathasamucchaya, Sarangadhara, Bhavaprakasha and Bhisagya Ratnavali. Held traditionally to have antifertility effects, its leaves were demonstrated to reduce pregnancy rate and litter size in a test of male rats.[16]

In 1995, researchers isolated compounds from a plant used in Chinese herbal medicine called Tripterygium wilfordii (雷公籐, lei gong teng).[17]

In 2002, researchers fed extracts from the seeds of papaya fruits (Carica papaya) to monkeys. Subsequently, the monkeys had no sperm in their ejaculate.[18] Traditionally used for contraception, papaya seeds had no apparent ill effects on the testes or other organs of rats tested with a long-term treatment.[19]

In 2002, tests were performed on male rats using oleanolic acid, extracted from Eugenia jambolana, a tree in the southern part of Africa. The tests demonstrated that the chemical was found to reversibly lower the rats' sperm motility without affecting the sperm count.[20]

Heat-based contraception, dating in concept to the writings of Hippocrates, involves heating the testicles to prevent the formation of sperm. Requiring the maintenance of testes at 116 °F (47 °C) (just below the threshold of pain) for 45 minutes, it is not a widely appealing technique, but a variant employing ultrasound has been under investigation.[21]

Methods in development

Pharmaceutical methods

  • RISUG/VasalGel consists of injecting a polymer gel, styrene maleic anhydride in dimethyl sulfoxide, into the vas deferens. The polymer has a positive charge, and when negatively charged sperm pass through the vas deferens, the charge differential severely damages the sperm.[4] A second injection washes out the substance and restores fertility. As of 2011, RISUG is in Phase III of human testing in India and has been patented in India, China, Bangladesh and the United States.
  • Inhibition of chromatin remodeling by binding to a pocket on BRDT has been shown to produce reversible sterility in male mice.[22] JQ1, a selective BRDT inhibitor which acts in this manner, is currently under development as a non-hormonal male contraceptive drug. It effectively blocks the production of sperm by the testes, and lacks the adverse effects of previously researched hormonal contraceptives for men.[23]

One goal of research is to develop a male oral contraceptive, a male contraceptive that can be taken in pill form by mouth, similar to the existing oral contraceptive pill for women.[25]

  • Calcium channel blockers such as nifedipine may cause reversible infertility by altering the lipid metabolism of sperm so that they are not able to fertilize an egg.[26] Recent Research at Israel’s Bar-Ilan University show that as of June 2010, such a pill may be five years away. Testing it on mice has been found to be effective, with no side effects.[27]
  • A compound that interferes with the vitamin A pathway has been shown to render male mice sterile for the course of the treatment without affecting libido. Once taken off the compound, the mice continued to make sperm. The mechanism of action includes blocking the conversion of vitamin A into its active form retinoic acid which binds to retinoic receptors which is needed to initiate sperm production.[28][29] This can be done, for instance, by blocking an aldehyde dehydrogenase called RALDH3 (ALDH1A2), which converts retinaldehyde into retionic acid in testes. Past attempts to do this failed because the blocking compounds were not sufficiently specific and also blocked other aldehyde dehydrogenases, such as those responsible for the alcohol metabolism, causing serious side effects.[30] Another way is blocking retionic receptors themselves, although it can also have serious side effects.[28]
  • Adjudin, a non-toxic analog of lonidamine has been shown to cause reversible infertility in rats.[31] The drug disrupts the junctions between nurse cells (Sertoli cells) in the testes and forming spermatids. The sperm are released prematurely and never become functional gametes. A new targeted delivery mechanism has made Adjudin much more effective.[32]
  • Gamendazole, a derivative of lonidamine, shows semi-reversible infertility in rats. The mechanism of action is thought to be disruption of Sertoli cell function, resulting in decreased levels of inhibin B.[33]
  • Research has been performed on interference with the maturation of sperm in the epididymis.[38][39]
  • Phenoxybenzamine has been found to block ejaculation, which gives it the potential to be an effective contraceptive. Studies have found that the quality of the semen is unaffected and the results are reversible by simply discontinuing the treatment.[40]
  • Silodosin, an α1-adrenoceptor antagonist with high uroselectivity, has been shown to completely block ejaculation in human males while permitting the sensation of orgasm.
  • Trestolone is an anabolic steroid that has been shown to significantly reduce sperm count.

Surgical methods

  • Vasectomy is a surgical procedure for male sterilization and/or permanent birth control. During the procedure, the vasa deferentia of a man are severed, and then tied/sealed in a manner such to prevent sperm from entering into the seminal stream (ejaculate). Vasectomies are usually performed in a physician's office or medical clinic.

Non-surgical, non-pharmaceutical methods

  • Research on the safety and effectiveness of using ultrasound treatments to kill sperm has undergone since the idea originally came about following experiments in the 1970s by Mostafa S. Fahim which noticed ultrasound killed microbes and decreased fertility.[41] As of 2012 a study conducted on rats found that two 15-minute treatments of ultrasound delivered 2 days apart in a warm salt bath effectively lowered their sperm count to below fertile levels.[5][41] Another small study involved dogs, and found that after three ultrasound applications the dogs' ejaculate contained no sperm.[4] Further experiments on its effectiveness on humans, the longevity of the results, and its safety have yet to be conducted.[41]

Abandoned research

  • Miglustat (Zavesca or NB-DNJ) is a drug approved for treatment of several rare lipid storage disorder diseases. In mice, it provided effective and fully reversible contraception. But it seems this effect was only true for several genetically related strains of laboratory mice. Miglustat showed no contraceptive effect in other mammals.[42]

References

  1. ^ Glasier A (2010). "Acceptability of contraception for men: a review". Contraception. 82 (5): 453–6. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2010.03.016. PMID 20933119. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ^ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3543478/
  3. ^ Guha, Sujoy (1997). "Phase II clinical trial of a vas deferens injectable contraceptive for the male". Contraception. 56 (4): 245–50. PMID 9408706. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ^ a b c [1] Expanding Options for Male Contraception. Planned Parenthood Advocates of Arizona. August 8, 2011. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
  5. ^ a b Tsuruta, James K. (30 January 2012). "Therapeutic ultrasound as a potential male contraceptive: power, frequency and temperature required to deplete rat testes of meiotic cells and epididymides of sperm determined using a commercially available system". Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 10 (7). doi:10.1186/1477-7827-10-7. PMID 22289508. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ Hatcher, RA; Trussel J; et al. (2000). Contraceptive Technology (18th ed.). New York: Ardent Media. ISBN 0-9664902-6-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Dioscorides (ca. 40 A.D.). De Materia Medica. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help) (translated by Goodyer (1655), modified and published 1933 by Robert Gunther). The herbs are said to "extinguish conception".
  8. ^ Sailani MR, Moeini H (2007). "Effect of Ruta graveolens and Cannabis sativa alcoholic extract on spermatogenesis in the adult wistar male rats". Indian Journal of Urology. 23 (3): 257–60. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.33720. PMC 2721602. PMID 19718326. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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  15. ^ Coutinho EM (2002). "Gossypol: a contraceptive for men". Contraception. 65 (4): 259–63. doi:10.1016/S0010-7824(02)00294-9. PMID 12020773. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. ^ Deshpande VY, Mendulkar KN, Sadre NL (1980). "Male antifertility activity of Azadirachta Indica in mice". Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 26 (3): 167–70. PMID 7205685. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Zhen QS, Ye X, Wei ZJ (1995). "Recent progress in research on Tripterygium: a male antifertility plant". Contraception. 51 (2): 121–9. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)00018-R. PMID 7750290. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Lohiya NK; Manivannan B; Mishra PK; et al. (2002). "Chloroform extract of Carica papaya seeds induces long-term reversible azoospermia in langur monkey". Asian J Androl. 4 (1): 17–26. PMID 11907624. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  19. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 19914367, please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid=19914367 instead.
  20. ^ Mdhluli MC, van der Horst G (2002). "The effect of oleanolic acid on sperm motion characteristics and fertility of male Wistar rats". Lab Anim. 36 (4): 432–7. doi:10.1258/002367702320389107. PMID 12396287. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  21. ^ "Heat Methods of Male Contraception". Male Conception Information Project.
  22. ^ "A male contraceptive pill in the making?". Retrieved 17 August 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ Matzuk MM, McKeown MR, Filippakopoulos P; et al. (2012). "Small-Molecule Inhibition of BRDT for Male Contraception". Cell. 150 (4): 673–684. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.045. PMC 3420011. PMID 22901802. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ O'Rand, MG (2004). "Reversible immunocontraception in male monkeys immunized with Eppin". Science. 306 (5699): 1189–90. doi:10.1126/science.1099743. PMID 15539605. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/08/120816121950.htm
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  27. ^ http://msmagazine.com/blog/blog/2010/07/02/a-pill-for-men-still-five-years-away/
  28. ^ a b Parry, Wynne "New Male Birth Control Concept Shows Promise", LiveScience, June 4, 2011, accessed June 6, 2011.
  29. ^ Chung, SS; Wang, X; Roberts, SS; Griffey, SM; Reczek, PR; Wolgemuth, DJ (2011). "Oral Administration of a Retinoic Acid Receptor Antagonist Reversibly Inhibits Spermatogenesis in Mice". Endocrinology. 152 (6): 2492–2502. doi:10.1210/en.2010-0941. PMC 3100616. PMID 21505053.
  30. ^ Sam Kean (2012). "Reinventing the Pill: Male Birth Control". Science. 338 (6105): 318–320. doi:10.1126/science.338.6105.318.
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External links

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